Pathogenic microorganisms yog cov kab mob uas tuaj yeem nkag mus rau tib neeg lub cev, ua rau kis kab mob thiab kis kab mob, lossis kab mob.Ntawm cov kab mob, cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob yog qhov teeb meem tshaj plaws.

Kev kis kab mob yog ib qho ua rau tib neeg mob thiab tuag.Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tau hloov kho cov tshuaj niaj hnub no, muab tib neeg "pob phom" los tiv thaiv kev kis kab mob, thiab tseem ua rau kev phais, kev hloov pauv hauv nruab nrog cev, thiab kev kho mob qog noj ntshav.Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ntau hom kab mob uas ua rau muaj kab mob sib kis, suav nrog cov kab mob, kab mob, fungi thiab lwm yam kab mob.Txhawm rau txhim kho kev kuaj mob thiab kho ntau yam kab mob, thiab tiv thaiv tib neeg txoj kev noj qab haus huv

Kev noj qab haus huv xav tau cov txheej txheem kuaj mob kom raug thiab nrawm dua.Yog li dab tsi yog qhov microbiological nrhiav kom tau yees?

01 Ib txwm nrhiav kom tau txoj kev

Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm ib txwm nrhiav kom tau cov kab mob pathogenic microorganisms, feem ntau ntawm lawv yuav tsum tau stained, kab lis kev cai, thiab kev txheeb xyuas cov kab mob lom yog ua raws li lub hauv paus no, thiaj li hais tias ntau hom kab mob tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas, thiab nrhiav kom tau tus nqi siab.Cov kev tshawb pom ib txwm muaj xws li smear microscopy, cais kab lis kev cai thiab biochemical cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab cov kab mob ntawm tes.

1 Smear microscopy

Pathogenic microorganisms yog me me thiab feem ntau tsis muaj xim thiab translucent.Tom qab staining lawv, lawv tuaj yeem siv los saib xyuas lawv qhov loj, zoo li, kev teeb tsa, thiab lwm yam nrog kev pab los ntawm lub tshuab tsom.Kev soj ntsuam ncaj qha smear staining microscopic yog qhov yooj yim thiab nrawm, thiab nws tseem siv tau rau cov kab mob pathogenic microbial nrog cov ntawv tshwj xeeb, xws li kab mob gonococcal, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, kab mob spirochetal, thiab lwm yam rau kev kuaj mob ntxov ntxov.Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kuaj photomicroscopic ncaj qha yog sai dua, thiab tuaj yeem siv rau kev kuaj pom cov kab mob nrog cov ntawv tshwj xeeb.Nws tsis xav tau cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb thiab khoom siv.Nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav cov kab mob pathogenic microorganisms hauv cov chaw kuaj sim.

2 Kev sib cais kab lis kev cai thiab biochemical tshuaj tiv thaiv

Kev cais kab lis kev cai feem ntau yog siv thaum muaj ntau hom kab mob thiab ib qho ntawm lawv yuav tsum tau muab cais tawm.Nws feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov hnoos qeev, quav, ntshav, kua dej hauv lub cev, thiab lwm yam. Vim tias cov kab mob loj hlob thiab sib npaug rau lub sijhawm ntev, txoj kev sim no yuav tsum tau siv sijhawm ntev., thiab tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav hauv batch, yog li kev kho mob tau txuas ntxiv mus tshawb fawb txog qhov no, siv cov kev cob qhia automated thiab cov khoom siv txheeb xyuas los txhim kho cov txheej txheem kev cob qhia ib txwm muaj thiab txhim kho qhov tseeb ntawm kev tshawb pom.

3 Tissue cell culture

Cov ntaub so ntswg feem ntau suav nrog chlamydia, kab mob, thiab rickettsiae.Txij li cov hom ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg hauv cov kab mob sib txawv txawv, tom qab cov ntaub so ntswg raug tshem tawm ntawm cov kab mob pathogenic, cov cell nyob yuav tsum tau coj los ntawm subculture.Cultivated pathogenic microorganisms yog inoculated rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg cell rau cog kom txo cell pathological hloov ntau npaum li sai tau.Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm culturing cov ntaub so ntswg cell, pathogenic microorganisms yuav ncaj qha inoculated nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj rhiab, thiab ces tus yam ntxwv ntawm pathogens yuav raug kuaj raws li cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg thiab lub cev ntawm cov tsiaj.

02 Genetic testing technology

Nrog rau kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv ntawm qib kev kho mob hauv ntiaj teb, kev txhim kho thiab kev nce qib ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav cov tshuab molecular biological, uas tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas cov kab mob pathogenic microorganisms, kuj tseem tuaj yeem txhim kho cov xwm txheej tam sim no ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv sab nraud morphological thiab physiological hauv cov txheej txheem kev tshawb pom ib txwm, thiab tuaj yeem siv cov noob caj noob ces cov kab sib lawv liag txheeb xyuas cov kab mob pathogenic microorganisms hauv kev kuaj kab mob thoob plaws hauv nws cov kab mob. tshwj xeeb zoo.

1 Polymerase saw cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (PCR)

Polymerase saw cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (Polymerase Chain Reaction, PCR) yog ib qho txheej txheem uas siv cov oligonucleotide primers paub los qhia thiab nthuav dav me me ntawm cov noob caj noob ces yuav tsum tau kuaj nyob rau hauv ib qho tsis paub tawg paj hauv vitro.Vim tias PCR tuaj yeem nthuav dav cov noob rau kev sim, nws yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tsim nyog rau kev kuaj mob ntxov ntawm cov kab mob, tab sis yog tias cov primers tsis meej, nws yuav ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo.PCR thev naus laus zis tau tsim kho sai heev hauv 20 xyoo dhau los, thiab nws txoj kev ntseeg tau maj mam txhim kho los ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm noob mus rau noob qoob loo thiab kev hloov pauv thiab kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic.Txoj kev no tseem yog txoj hauv kev tshawb nrhiav tseem ceeb rau tus kabmob tshiab no hauv tus kabmob kis no.

Foregene tau tsim cov khoom siv RT-PCR raws li Direct PCR thev naus laus zis, rau kev tshawb pom ntawm ib txwm 2 cov noob, 3 cov noob, thiab cov hloov pauv los ntawm UK, Brazil, South Africa, thiab Is Nrias teb, B.1.1.7 kab (UK), B.1.351 kab (ZA), B.1.617 kab (INDage.), thiab P.1.

2 Gene chip technology

Gene chip thev naus laus zis hais txog kev siv cov tshuab microarray los txuas cov DNA loj heev rau cov khoom siv xws li daim nyias nyias thiab cov ntawv iav hauv qee qhov kev txiav txim lossis kev npaj los ntawm kev kub ceev robotics lossis hauv-situ synthesis.Nrog DNA probes sau nrog isotopes los yog fluorescence, thiab nrog kev pab los ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub hauv paus complementary hybridization, ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm kev tshawb fawb cov tswv yim xws li cov noob qhia thiab saib xyuas tau ua.Daim ntawv thov ntawm gene chip technology rau kev kuaj mob ntawm cov kab mob pathogenic tuaj yeem txo lub sijhawm kuaj mob.Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tseem tuaj yeem kuaj xyuas seb tus kab mob puas muaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, cov tshuaj twg yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab cov tshuaj twg muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, txhawm rau muab cov ntaub ntawv siv tshuaj kho mob.Txawm li cas los xij, tus nqi tsim khoom ntawm cov thev naus laus zis no kuj yog qhov siab, thiab qhov rhiab heev ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav nti yuav tsum tau txhim kho.Yog li ntawd, cov cuab yeej no tseem siv hauv kev tshawb fawb hauv chav kuaj thiab tsis tau siv dav hauv kev kho mob.

3 Nucleic acid hybridization technology

Nucleic acid hybridization yog cov txheej txheem uas ib leeg ntawm nucleotides nrog kev sib txuas ua ke hauv cov kab mob pathogenic fuse hauv cov hlwb los tsim heteroduplexes.Qhov tseem ceeb ua rau hybridization yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm nucleic acid thiab soj ntsuam los txheeb xyuas cov kab mob pathogenic.Tam sim no, cov txheej txheem nucleic acid recrossing siv los kuaj cov kab mob pathogenic feem ntau suav nrog nucleic acid hauv situ hybridization thiab membrane blot hybridization.Nucleic acid nyob rau hauv situ hybridization yog hais txog hybridization ntawm nucleic acids nyob rau hauv cov kab mob hlwb nrog cov ntawv lo soj ntsuam.Membrane blot hybridization txhais tau hais tias tom qab tus kws sim cais cov nucleic acid ntawm cov kab mob ntawm tes, nws yog huv si thiab ua ke nrog cov khoom txhawb nqa, thiab tom qab ntawd hybridized nrog kev sojntsuam suav.Lub tshuab suav hybridization muaj qhov zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm yooj yim thiab ceev, thiab tsim nyog rau cov kab mob rhiab heev thiab lub hom phiaj kab mob.

03 Kev ntsuam xyuas Serological

Kev kuaj serological tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas cov kab mob pathogenic sai.Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev kuaj serological yog txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov kab mob los ntawm cov kab mob uas paub txog antigens thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob.Piv nrog rau kev sib cais ntawm tes thiab kab lis kev cai, cov kauj ruam ua haujlwm ntawm kev kuaj serological yog qhov yooj yim.Feem ntau siv cov kev kuaj pom muaj xws li latex agglutination test thiab enzyme-linked immunoassay technology.Daim ntawv thov ntawm enzyme-txuas immunoassay thev naus laus zis tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov rhiab heev thiab tshwj xeeb ntawm kev kuaj serological.Nws tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog kuaj pom cov antigen hauv cov qauv kuaj, tab sis kuj kuaj xyuas cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob.

Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 2020, Lub Koom Haum Kab Mob Sib Kis ntawm Tebchaws Meskas (IDSA) tau tshaj tawm cov lus qhia rau kev kuaj serological rau kev kuaj mob ntawm COVID-19.

04 Immunological xeem

Immunological detection tseem hu ua immunomagnetic hlaws sib cais tshuab.Cov tshuab no tuaj yeem cais cov kab mob pathogenic thiab cov kab mob uas tsis yog-pathogenic hauv cov kab mob.Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog: kev siv cov hlaws sib nqus microspheres los cais cov antigen ib leeg lossis ntau hom kab mob tshwj xeeb.Cov antigens tau sib sau ua ke, thiab cov kab mob pathogenic raug cais tawm ntawm cov kab mob los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub cev antigen thiab sab nraud magnetic teb.

Pathogen detection hotspots-respiratory pathogen detection

Foregene's "15 cov kab mob ua pa kab mob pathogenic cov kab mob kuaj pom" tab tom txhim kho.Cov khoom siv tuaj yeem kuaj tau 15 hom kab mob pathogenic hauv cov hnoos qeev yam tsis tas yuav ntxuav cov nucleic acid hauv cov hnoos qeev.Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm efficiency, nws shortens thawj 3 mus rau 5 hnub rau 1.5 teev.