Kev piav qhia ntawm cov ntsiab lus molecular biology
1. cDNA thiab cccDNA: cDNA yog ob-stranded DNA synthesized los ntawm reverse transcriptase los ntawm mRNA;cccDNA yog plasmid ob-stranded kaw ncig DNA tsis pub dawb los ntawm chromosome.
2. Standard folding unit: cov protein theem ob chav tsev α-helix thiab β-daim ntawv tuaj yeem tsim cov qauv thaiv nrog cov txheej txheem geometric tshwj xeeb los ntawm ntau yam sib txuas polypeptides.Hom kev txiav txim siab folding no feem ntau hu ua super theem nrab qauv.Yuav luag tag nrho cov txheej txheem tertiary tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm cov folding hom, thiab txawm tias lawv cov hom sib xyaw ua ke, yog li lawv tseem hu ua standard folding units.
3. CAP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) receptor protein CRP (cAMP receptor protein), lub complex tsim tom qab kev sib xyaw ntawm cAMP thiab CRP yog hu ua activating protein CAP (cAMP activated protein)
4. Palindromic ib ntus: Qhov rov qab ua ke ntawm ib ntu ntawm DNA tawg, feem ntau yog qhov chaw txwv enzyme.
5. micRNA: Complementary interfering RNA los yog antisense RNA, uas yog complementary rau mRNA ib theem zuj zus thiab yuav inhibit qhov kev txhais ntawm mRNA.
6. Ribozyme: RNA nrog kev ua haujlwm catalytic, uas ua lub luag haujlwm autocatalytic hauv cov txheej txheem splicing ntawm RNA.
7. Motif: Muaj qee cov cheeb tsam hauv zos uas muaj cov duab peb sab zoo sib xws thiab topology hauv cov qauv spatial ntawm cov protein molecules
8. Teeb liab peptide: peptide nrog 15-36 amino acid residues ntawm N-terminus thaum lub sij hawm protein synthesis, uas coj cov transmembrane ntawm cov protein.
9. Attenuator: Ib qho nucleotide sib lawv liag ntawm thaj tsam tus neeg teb xov tooj thiab cov txheej txheem gene uas txiav tawm kev hloov pauv.
10. Magic Spot: Thaum cov kab mob loj hlob thiab ntsib qhov tsis muaj cov amino acids tag, cov kab mob yuav tsim cov lus teb thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev kom tsis txhob nthuav tawm tag nrho cov noob.Cov cim qhia uas tsim cov lus teb thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev yog guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) thiab guanosine pentaphosphate (pppGpp).Lub luag haujlwm ntawm PpGpp thiab pppGpp tsis yog ib qho lossis ob peb tus neeg ua haujlwm, tab sis cuam tshuam rau ntau tus ntawm lawv, yog li lawv raug hu ua super-regulators lossis cov chaw ua khawv koob.
11. Cov khoom txhawb nqa Upstream: yog hais txog DNA ib ntus uas ua lub luag haujlwm tswj hwm hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus txhawb nqa, xws li TATA hauv cheeb tsam -10, TGACA hauv cheeb tsam -35, kev txhawb nqa, thiab attenuators.
12. DNA sojntsuam: ib ntu ntawm DNA uas muaj cov kab ke paub, uas yog dav siv los kuaj xyuas cov kab mob tsis paub thiab tshuaj ntsuam cov noob caj noob ces.
13. SD ib ntus: Nws yog qhov sib txuas ntawm ribosome thiab mRNA, uas tswj kev txhais lus.
14. Monoclonal Antibody: Ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tsuas yog tawm tsam ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob xwb.
15. Cosmid: Nws yog ib qho khoom tsim tawm exogenous DNA vector uas khaws cov cheeb tsam COS ntawm ob qhov kawg ntawm phage thiab txuas nrog plasmid.
16. Blue-white spot screening: LacZ gene (encoding β-galactosidase), enzyme decompose the chromogenic substrate X-gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indole-β-D-galactoside) los tsim xiav, yog li ua rau cov xim xiav.Thaum cov exogenous DNA tso, LacZ noob tsis tuaj yeem qhia tau, thiab cov kab mob yog dawb, thiaj li tshuaj xyuas cov kab mob recombinant.Qhov no yog hu ua kev tshuaj ntsuam xiav-dawb.
17. Cis-acting element: Ib qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov hauv paus hauv DNA uas tswj cov noob qhia.
18. Klenow enzyme: Cov tawg loj ntawm DNA polymerase I, tshwj tsis yog tias 5' 3' exonuclease kev ua haujlwm raug tshem tawm ntawm DNA polymerase I holoenzyme
19. Anchored PCR: siv los nthuav cov DNA ntawm kev txaus siab nrog rau qhov paub ua ntu zus ntawm ib kawg.Ib tug poly-dG tus Tsov tus tw tau ntxiv rau ib qho kawg ntawm qhov tsis paub ib ntus, thiab tom qab ntawd cov poly-dC thiab cov kab ke paub tau siv los ua primers rau PCR amplification.
20. Fusion protein: Cov noob ntawm eukaryotic protein yog txuas nrog exogenous gene, thiab cov protein uas tsim los ntawm kev txhais lus ntawm cov noob caj noob ces thiab exogenous protein yog qhia tib lub sijhawm.
Lwm cov ntsiab lus molecular biology
1. Daim ntawv qhia lub cev ntawm DNA yog qhov kev txiav txim uas (txheej txheem endonuclease-digested) tawg ntawm DNA molecule yog teem.
2. Lub cleavage ntawm RNase muab faib ua ob hom (autocatalysis) thiab (heterocatalysis).
3. Muaj peb yam kev pib pib hauv prokaryotes yog (IF-1), (IF-2) thiab (IF-3).
4. Transmembrane proteins xav tau kev taw qhia (cim peptides), thiab lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov protein chaperones (pab fold lub peptide saw rau hauv haiv neeg conformation ntawm cov protein).
5. Cov ntsiab lus hauv cov neeg txhawb nqa feem ntau tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob hom: (cov ntsiab lus txhawb nqa tseem ceeb) thiab (cov khoom txhawb nqa sab saud).
6. Cov ntsiab lus tshawb fawb ntawm molecular biology feem ntau suav nrog peb ntu: (cov qauv molecular biology), (gene qhia thiab kev tswj hwm), thiab (DNA recombination technology).
7. Ob qhov kev sim tseem ceeb uas pom tau tias DNA yog cov khoom siv caj ces yog (pneumococcus kab mob ntawm nas) thiab (T2 phage kis ntawm Escherichia coli).muaj peev xwm).
8. Muaj ob lub ntsiab sib txawv ntawm hnRNA thiab mRNA: (hnRNA yog spliced nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm converting rau mRNA), (qhov 5' kawg ntawm lub mRNA yog ntxiv nrog ib tug m7pGppp cap, thiab muaj ib tug ntxiv polyadenylation ntawm 3' kawg ntawm mRNA acid (polyA) tail).
9. Qhov zoo ntawm ntau cov subunit daim ntawv ntawm cov protein yog (subunit yog ib qho kev lag luam rau kev siv DNA), (tuaj yeem txo qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov protein synthesis ntawm cov protein ntau), (kev ua haujlwm tuaj yeem ua tau zoo heev thiab ceev ceev yog qhib thiab kaw).
10. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov protein folding mechanism thawj nucleation txoj kev xav muaj xws li (nucleation), (cov qauv enrichment), (qhov kawg rearrangement).
11. Galactose muaj ob qho kev cuam tshuam rau cov kab mob;ntawm ib sab (nws tuaj yeem siv los ua cov pa roj carbon monoxide rau kev loj hlob ntawm tes);ntawm qhov tod tes (nws kuj yog ib feem ntawm lub cell phab ntsa).Yog li ntawd, ib tug cAMP-CRP-ywj siab txhawb nqa S2 yog xav tau rau kev sib txuas mus tas li ntawm qib keeb kwm yav dhau;Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus neeg txhawb nqa cAMP-CRP-dependent S1 yog xav tau los tswj cov txheej txheem siab.Kev hloov pauv pib los ntawm (S2) nrog G thiab los ntawm (S1) yam tsis muaj G.
12. Recombinant DNA thev naus laus zis tseem hu ua (gene cloning) lossis (molecular cloning).Lub hom phiaj kawg yog (kom hloov cov ntaub ntawv caj ces DNA hauv ib lub cev mus rau lwm yam kabmob).Ib qho kev sim DNA recombination feem ntau suav nrog cov kauj ruam hauv qab no: (1) Extract lub hom phiaj gene (los yog exogenous gene) ntawm tus neeg pub khoom, thiab enzymatically txuas nws mus rau lwm DNA molecule (cloning vector) los tsim ib tug tshiab recombinant DNA molecule.② Lub recombinant DNA molecule raug xa mus rau hauv tus neeg txais xovtooj thiab rov ua dua hauv tus neeg txais xovtooj.Txoj kev no hu ua transformation.③ Tshuaj ntsuam thiab txheeb xyuas cov neeg tau txais cov hlwb uas tau nqus cov DNA recombinant.④ Cultivate cov hlwb uas muaj cov DNA recombinant nyob rau hauv ntau kom paub seb puas txawv teb chaws pab noob yog qhia.
13. Muaj ob hom plasmid replication: cov uas nruj tswj hwm los ntawm tus tswv tsev cell protein synthesis hu ua (tight plasmids), thiab cov uas tsis nruj tswj hwm los ntawm host cell protein synthesis hu ua (so plasmids).
14. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv PCR yuav tsum muaj cov xwm txheej hauv qab no: a.DNA primers (kwv yees li 20 lub hauv paus) nrog kev sib txuas ntxiv ntawm txhua qhov kawg ntawm ob txoj kab ntawm lub hom phiaj noob yuav raug muab cais tawm.b.Enzymes nrog thermal stability xws li: TagDNA polymerase.c, dNTPd, DNA ib ntus ntawm kev txaus siab ua qauv
15. Cov txheej txheem tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm PCR suav nrog peb theem: (denaturation), (annealing), thiab (extension).
16. Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm cov tsiaj hloov pauv feem ntau suav nrog: ①Kev taw qhia txog cov noob qoob loo txawv teb chaws rau hauv lub nucleus ntawm lub qe fertilized lossis embryonic qia cell;② Transplantation ntawm inoculated fertilized qe los yog embryonic qia cell rau hauv poj niam lub tsev menyuam;③ Ua tiav embryonic kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob Rau cov xeeb ntxwv nrog cov noob txawv teb chaws;④ Siv cov tsiaj no uas tuaj yeem tsim cov proteins txawv teb chaws los ua cov khoom lag luam los yug cov kab homozygous tshiab.
17. Hybridoma cell kab yog tsim los ntawm hybridizing (spleen B) hlwb nrog (myeloma) hlwb, thiab txij li thaum (spleen cells) tuaj yeem siv hypoxanthine thiab (pob txha hlwb) muab kev faib cell, lawv tuaj yeem loj hlob hauv HAT nruab nrab.loj hlob.
18. Nrog rau kev tshawb fawb tob zuj zus, thawj tiam ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hu ua (polyclonal antibodies), tiam thib ob (monoclonal antibodies), thiab tiam thib peb (genetic engineering antibodies).
19. Tam sim no, kev tsim cov noob caj noob ces ntawm kab kab mob feem ntau yog tsom rau baculovirus, uas tau tshwm sim hauv kev taw qhia ntawm (exogenous toxin gene);(cov noob uas cuam tshuam lub neej ib txwm muaj ntawm kab);(kev hloov kho ntawm tus kab mob gene).
20. Cov yam ntxwv trans-acting protein sib raug rau cov ntsiab lus TATA, GC, thiab CAAT hauv cov tsiaj nyeg RNA polymerase II txhawb nqa yog (TFIID), (SP-1) thiab (CTF/NF1), feem.
nees nkaum ib.Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm RNA polymerase Ⅱ yog, TFⅡ-A, TFⅡ-B, TFII-D, TFⅡ-E, thiab lawv qhov sib txuas yog: (D, A, B, E).Qhov twg muaj nuj nqi ntawm TFII-D yog (kev khi rau TATA lub thawv).
nees nkaum ob.Feem ntau ntawm cov kev hloov pauv uas khi rau DNA ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm dimers.Cov haujlwm ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom hloov pauv uas khi rau DNA feem ntau yog cov hauv qab no (helix-tig-helix), (zinc ntiv tes motif), (basic-leucine) zipper motif).
nees nkaum peb.Muaj peb hom kev txwv endonuclease cleavage hom: (txiav ntawm 5 'sab ntawm symmetry axis los tsim 5' nplaum kawg), (txiav ntawm 3 'sab ntawm symmetry axis los tsim 3' nplaum kawg (txiav ntawm symmetry axis los tsim cov ntu ca).
nees nkaum plaub.Plasmid DNA muaj peb qhov sib txawv: (SC configuration), (oc configuration), (L configuration).Thawj hauv electrophoresis yog (SC configuration).
25. Exogenous gene expression systems, mas (Escherichia coli), (Pom), (Kab) thiab (Mammalian cell table).
26. Cov kev siv feem ntau rau cov tsiaj transgenic yog: (txoj kev kis tus kab mob retroviral), (DNA microinjection method), (embryonic qia cell method).
Daim ntawv thov Molecular biology
1. Lub npe ua haujlwm ntawm ntau tshaj 5 RNAs?
Hloov RNA tRNA Hloov cov amino acid Ribosome RNA rRNA Ribosome tsim cov tub txib RNA mRNA Protein synthesis template Heterogeneous nuclear RNA hnRNA Precursor ntawm mRNA me me nuclear RNA snRNA Kev koom tes hauv hnRNA splicing Small cytoplasmic RNA-scloxulthe-plastic reacts-7 Nition lub cev Cheebtsam Antisense RNA anRNA / micRNA tswj cov noob qhia Ribozyme RNA Enzymatically active RNA
2. Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm prokaryotic thiab eukaryotic cov neeg txhawb nqa?
Prokaryotic TTGACA --- TATAAT----- Pib Site-35 -10 Eukaryotic Enhancer---GC ---CAAT----TATAA-5mGpp-Initiation Site-110 -70 -25
3. Dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm ntuj plasmids?
Ntuj plasmids feem ntau muaj qhov tsis xws luag, yog li lawv tsis tsim nyog siv los ua cov khoom siv rau kev tsim kho caj ces, thiab yuav tsum tau hloov kho thiab tsim kho: a.Ntxiv cov noob qoob loo uas tsim nyog, xws li ob lossis ntau dua, uas yooj yim siv rau kev xaiv, feem ntau yog cov tshuaj tua kab mob.b.Nce los yog txo cov enzyme txiav qhov chaw tsim nyog los pab txhawb kev sib koom ua ke.c.Txo qhov ntev, txiav tawm cov khoom tsis tsim nyog, txhim kho kev lag luam ntshuam thiab ua kom muaj peev xwm thauj khoom.d.Hloov cov ntawv luam tawm, los ntawm nruj mus rau xoob, los ntawm tsawg daim ntawv luam mus rau ntau daim ntawv luam.e.Ntxiv cov noob caj noob ces tshwj xeeb raws li cov kev cai tshwj xeeb ntawm genetic engineering
4. Muab ib qho piv txwv ntawm ib txoj hauv kev rau kev soj ntsuam qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg tshwj xeeb cDNA?
Ob lub xovtooj ntawm tes tau npaj, lub hom phiaj noob tau nthuav tawm lossis qhia ntau heev hauv ib lub hlwb, thiab lub hom phiaj noob tsis qhia lossis qis qis hauv lwm lub xovtooj, thiab tom qab ntawd lub hom phiaj noob tau pom los ntawm hybridization thiab kev sib piv.Piv txwv li, thaum lub sij hawm tshwm sim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov qog, qog hlwb yuav nthuav tawm mRNAs nrog ntau theem qhia ntau tshaj li ib txwm cell.Yog li ntawd, cov noob caj noob ces tuaj yeem kuaj pom los ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm kev sib txawv.Txoj kev induction kuj tseem siv tau los tshuaj xyuas cov noob uas nws qhia tau raug ntxias.
5. Ntau tiam thiab kev tshuaj ntsuam ntawm hybridoma cell kab?
Spleen B hlwb + myeloma hlwb, ntxiv polyethylene glycol (PEG) los txhawb cov cell fusion, thiab cov splenic B-myeloma fusion hlwb loj hlob hauv HAT nruab nrab (muaj cov hypoxanthine, aminopterin, T) txuas ntxiv mus ntxiv.Lub cell fusion muaj: spleen-spleen fusion cells: tsis tuaj yeem loj hlob, spleen cells tsis tuaj yeem coj mus rau hauv vitro.Cov pob txha-pob txha fusion hlwb: tsis tuaj yeem siv hypoxanthine, tab sis tuaj yeem tsim cov purine los ntawm txoj kev thib ob uas siv folate reductase.Aminopterin inhibits folate reductase thiab yog li tsis tuaj yeem loj hlob.Pob txha-spleen fusion hlwb: tuaj yeem loj hlob hauv HAT, spleen hlwb tuaj yeem siv hypoxanthine, thiab cov pob txha hlwb muab kev faib tawm ntawm tes.
6. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus thiab txoj kev txiav txim siab tus qauv ntawm DNA yog dab tsi los ntawm dideoxy terminal termination method (Sanger method)?
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus yog siv cov nucleotide saw terminator-2,,3,-dideoxynucleotide los txiav qhov txuas ntxiv ntawm DNA.Txij li thaum nws tsis muaj 3-OH xav tau rau kev tsim ntawm 3/5 / phosphodiester bonds, ib zaug muab tso rau hauv DNA saw, DNA saw tsis tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv.Raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib koom ua ke, thaum twg DNA polymerase xav tau dNMP los koom rau hauv ib txwm txuas DNA saw, muaj ob txoj hauv kev, ib qho yog koom nrog ddNTP, uas ua rau kev txiav tawm ntawm deoxynucleotide saw txuas ntxiv;lwm qhov yog koom nrog dNTP, kom cov DNA saw tseem tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv mus kom txog rau thaum ddNTP txuas ntxiv mus.Raws li txoj kev no, ib pawg DNA ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ntev ntawm ddNTP tuaj yeem tau txais.Txoj kev yog faib ua plaub pawg raws li ddAMP, ddGMP, ddCMP, thiab ddTMP.Tom qab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis tuaj yeem nyeem cov DNA sib lawv liag raws li cov pas dej da dej.
7. Cov kev cai zoo ntawm activator protein (CAP) ntawm kev sau ntawv yog dab tsi?
Cyclic adenylate (cAMP) receptor protein CRP (cAMP receptor protein), lub complex tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cAMP thiab CRP hu ua CAP (cAMPactivated protein).Thaum E. coli loj hlob nyob rau hauv nruab nrab tsis muaj piam thaj, cov synthesis ntawm CAP nce, thiab CAP muaj lub luag haujlwm ntawm activating promoters xws li lactose (Lac).Qee tus neeg txhawb nqa CRP tsis muaj qhov zoo li -35 thaj av sib lawv liag (TTGACA) uas cov neeg txhawb nqa muaj.Yog li ntawd, nws nyuaj rau RNA polymerase khi rau nws.Lub xub ntiag ntawm CAP (kev ua haujlwm): tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov kev sib txuas tas li ntawm enzyme thiab txhawb nqa.Nws feem ntau qhia txog ob yam hauv qab no: ① CAP pab cov enzyme molecule mus rau kev taw qhia kom raug los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm kev txhawb nqa thiab kev cuam tshuam nrog cov enzyme, thiaj li ua ke nrog thaj tsam -10 thiab ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev hloov cov haujlwm ntawm thaj av -35.②CAP tseem tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev khi ntawm RNA polymerase rau lwm qhov chaw hauv DNA, yog li ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev khi rau nws cov neeg txhawb nqa tshwj xeeb.
8. Cov kauj ruam twg yog feem ntau suav nrog hauv kev sim DNA recombination?
a.Extract lub hom phiaj gene (los yog exogenous gene) ntawm tus neeg pub khoom, thiab enzymatically txuas nws mus rau lwm DNA molecule (cloning vector) los tsim ib tug tshiab recombinant DNA molecule.b.Hloov cov DNA molecule recombinant rau hauv cov neeg txais xov tooj thiab rov ua dua thiab khaws cia rau hauv tus neeg txais xov tooj.Txoj kev no hu ua transformation.c.Tshuaj ntsuam thiab txheeb xyuas cov hlwb uas tau txais cov DNA recombinant.d.Pawg kab lis kev cai cov hlwb uas muaj cov DNA recombinant los xyuas seb puas muaj cov kev pab cuam txawv teb chaws tau qhia.
9. Kev tsim kho cov tsev qiv ntawv gene Peb txoj hauv kev los tshuaj xyuas cov recombinants tau muab thiab cov txheej txheem tau piav qhia luv luv.
Kev tshuaj xyuas tshuaj tua kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob, kev ua kom tsis muaj zog ntawm kev tiv thaiv, kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas xiav-dawb lossis kuaj PCR, kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas qhov sib txawv, DNA soj ntsuam Feem ntau cov kab mob cloning muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (anti-ampicillin, tetracycline).Thaum cov plasmid hloov mus rau hauv Escherichia coli, cov kab mob yuav kis tau tus kab mob, thiab cov uas tsis muaj kev hloov yuav tsis muaj zog.Tab sis nws tsis tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv seb nws puas tau hloov kho lossis tsis tau.Nyob rau hauv ib lub vector uas muaj ob hom tshuaj tiv thaiv, yog tias cov DNA txawv teb chaws tau muab tso rau hauv ib qho ntawm cov noob thiab ua rau cov noob tsis ua haujlwm, ob lub phaj tswj uas muaj cov tshuaj sib txawv tuaj yeem siv los tshuaj xyuas qhov zoo recombinants.Piv txwv li, pUC plasmid muaj cov noob LacZ (encoding β-galactosidase), uas tuaj yeem decompose cov chromogenic substrate X-gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indole-β-D-galactoside) los tsim xiav, yog li tig xiav.Thaum cov DNA txawv teb chaws raug tso, LacZ gene tsis tuaj yeem qhia tau, thiab cov kab mob yog xim dawb, thiaj li tshuaj xyuas cov kab mob recombinant.
10. Piav txog cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tau txais cov tsiaj transgenic los ntawm embryonic qia hlwb?
Embryonic stem cells (ES) yog cov embryonic hlwb thaum lub sij hawm embryonic txoj kev loj hlob, uas tuaj yeem tsim cov kab lis kev cai thiab kev loj hlob thiab muaj kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib txawv rau lwm hom hlwb.Kab lis kev cai ntawm ES hlwb: Sab hauv cell loj ntawm blastocyst yog cais thiab kab lis kev cai.Thaum ES yog kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv ib txheej pub dawb, nws yuav sib txawv rau hauv ntau lub hlwb xws li cov leeg nqaij thiab N hlwb.Thaum kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv ib qho nruab nrab uas muaj fibroblasts, ES yuav tswj cov kev ua haujlwm sib txawv.ES tuaj yeem hloov kho cov noob caj noob ces, thiab nws txoj kev sib txawv tuaj yeem ua ke yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau nws txoj kev sib txawv, uas daws qhov teeb meem ntawm kev sib koom ua ke.Qhia cov noob exogenous mus rau hauv embryonic qia hlwb, ces cog rau hauv lub tsev menyuam ntawm cov poj niam cev xeeb tub nas, loj hlob mus rau cov menyuam mos, thiab hla kom tau cov nas homozygous.
